Abnormal: diverging widely from the normal; descriptive of behavior which deviatesmarkedly from what is considerednormative, healhty or psychologically desirable from an adjustmental point of view. The term often carries a strong connotation of undesirabilty or pathology, but it is also occasionally employed to characterized extreme superiority or supernormality.
Amnesia: loss of memory either partial or total, due to any cause.
Anorexia: a pathological loss of appetite. it is a common symptom of mental disorder.
Acrophobia: fear of heights.
Adrenalin: a proprietary name for epinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla.
Autism: thinking which is governed by personal needs or by self.
Behavior: any response (s) made by an organism, specially parts of a total response pattern, an act or an activity , a movement or complex of movements.
Behavior therapy: a form of a psychotherapy which attempt to eliminate or modify problem behavior by the use of classical conditioning and instrumental learning method.
Brain - the mass of nervous tissue within the skull.
Brain center: any interconnedted group of neurons in the brain which perform a specific function. Example the speech center in the cerebral cortex functions in the motor speech.
Brain lesion: damage to the brain cause by injury, disease, or surgical procedures.
Brain Stem: portion of the brain remaining after cerebrum and cerebellum are removed.
Brain waves: the rythmic spontaneous electrical discharges of the living brain.
Cerebellum: the smaller of the two main division of the brain, the cerebellum is an important organ of motor coordination.
Cerebral Palsy: a form of a paralysis caused by a lesion in the brain, It is frequentlya congenital defect in children.
Congenital - pertaining to something (ussually a condition or characteristic) which has it origin at the time of birth or during the fatal development. Congenital is to be distinguished from hereditary which denotes an origin in progenitors.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): a complex biochemical found in the nuclei of living cells. The chromosomal DNA is believed to be the material out of which genes are made. It has been suggested that the molecules of DNA constitute a kind of code or blueprint, which shape tje chemical materials of cells thru the medium of ribonucleic acid (RNA), which molecules serve as "messengers" or "contractors" to carry out the instructions supplied by DNA.
Day Dream: a walking fantasy or revery. Daydreaming is frequently wish fulfilling in function and differs from night dreaming in that the expression of wishes is not hidden.
Deafness: partial or complete inability to hear. Total deafness is the inability to hear all sound regardless of their loudness. Partial deafness may involve a decreased sensitivity to the entire range of the sound or it may involve only inability to hear certain pitches. Adventious deafness is caused by injury to the ear, as opposed to congenital deafness which is caused by the developmental defects and central or cortical deafness which result from injury to the areas of hearing in the cerebral cortex.
Defense Mechanism: any behavior pattern which protect the psyche from anxiety, shame, or guilt. Some common defense mecahnism are repression, regression, projection, indentification, fantasy, conpensation, sublimation reaction-formation and aggression.
Deja Vu: the illusion of familiarity in the strange place. It is believed to be due to the presence of familiar but subthreshold cues. Example, in walking in a strange town, some features may be familiar to those experienced elsewhere - a church steeple, a chain store, a shop front or two. As one glances at these, the presence of a subtle but familiar odor may sufficient to trigger the deja vu.
Delusion: a false belief which cannot be modified by reasoning or a demonstration of the facts. Persistent and systematic delusions are characteristic of psychotic states. Delusion should be distinguished from illusion which is a distorted perception and from hallucination which is a false perception.
Depression: in the normal individual, a state despondency characterized by feeling of inadequacy, lowered activity, and perssimism about the future. In pathological cases, an extreme state of unresponsiveness to stimuli, together with self-deprecation, delusion of inadequacy and hopelessness.
Ear : the organ which contain the receptors for hearing. It is divided into three main parts, the outer, middle and inner ears.
Egoism: the tendency for one to behave for self-advantage.
Embryo: the earliest stage of development. In man, the embryonic period is held to extend from the time of conception to (variously) between 6-12 weeks of intra-uterine life. The fetal stage follows the embryonic.
Definiton of DNA
The DNA are infinitesimally, tiny molecules found in evry living cell. In a fertilized human egg, all the DNA contents would weigh only about two ten trillionths of an ounce taken from each parents. One DNA molecule is a helix looking like a coiled ladder tightly packed in a single cell. It carries information much like a code consisting of a four basic control chemicals- adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine.
The rungs of the ladder are amde up to two codes units, the same two invariably pairing with one another. In terms of the alphabet. A pairs only with B and C with D in the different sequence which are limitless in variance so much so that multiple individual variations are possible.
This is one of the same way in the million of cells in the body. Another feat it accomplishes is the protein manufacture within the cell- so essential in providing blood and muscle to the body.
Each cell simutaneously make different kinds of protein. Protein are composed of 20 amino acids and for each protein a set of direction is carried on a gene of the long DNA molecule.
The rungs of the ladder are amde up to two codes units, the same two invariably pairing with one another. In terms of the alphabet. A pairs only with B and C with D in the different sequence which are limitless in variance so much so that multiple individual variations are possible.
This is one of the same way in the million of cells in the body. Another feat it accomplishes is the protein manufacture within the cell- so essential in providing blood and muscle to the body.
Each cell simutaneously make different kinds of protein. Protein are composed of 20 amino acids and for each protein a set of direction is carried on a gene of the long DNA molecule.
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DNA,
General Psychology
How Twinning and Multiple Births Happen
Identical twin result when an ovum splits into two after fertilization. They may also called single ovum or monozygotic twins. Since each containidentical sets of chromosomes, they are always of the same sex both girls or both boys.
Occasionally they maybe mirror image of each other in which case, the right side of the twin would resemble the left side of the other. There is no definite hereditary background for the occurance of single ovum twins.
The fertilization of seperate ove or of a single ovum may result in twin pregnancies, and are called double ovum, dizygotic or fraternal twins. There is a definite hereditary background in the double ovum twins. The frequency of twinning is affected by age as well as age and hereditary.
Plural births may arise from the fertilization of a single ovum or multiple ova up to the number of fetuses produced by conception. In a quintuplet pregnancy for example, three may develop from one ovum while the other two from seperate ovum. The famous Dionne quintuplets in Canada in May 1934 were all derived from the same ovum.
Occasionally they maybe mirror image of each other in which case, the right side of the twin would resemble the left side of the other. There is no definite hereditary background for the occurance of single ovum twins.
The fertilization of seperate ove or of a single ovum may result in twin pregnancies, and are called double ovum, dizygotic or fraternal twins. There is a definite hereditary background in the double ovum twins. The frequency of twinning is affected by age as well as age and hereditary.
Plural births may arise from the fertilization of a single ovum or multiple ova up to the number of fetuses produced by conception. In a quintuplet pregnancy for example, three may develop from one ovum while the other two from seperate ovum. The famous Dionne quintuplets in Canada in May 1934 were all derived from the same ovum.
Labels:
General Psychology
What are Test-tube Babies
It was Aldous Huxley in his Brave New world who peredicted a world where a scientific elite totalitarian "Predistinators" create test-tube babies un the assembly line and predetermine mental and physical characteristic.
In 1940, Dr. John Rock of Harvard University obtained ripe eggs from females and fertilization these in test tube. With his experiments, he had invaded one of " Mother Nature's most cherished rituals".
In 1950, Dr. Landrum B. Shettles, an American gynaecologist first conclusively demonstrated in vitro ("in glass") fertilization. He pierced the ovaries of his patients with a syringe and aspirated some of egg from the follicles. He placed this in a culture medium taken from the follicular fluid excised from tiny pieces of the tubal fimbrae (projections at the end of fallopian tube)
When the egg was ready for fertilization, he placed it in a person in another culture medium - the ovalation mucosa from the mid-cervical canal of a woman donor. Into this, he inserted yhe sperms, the tubal mucosa and the tubal fimbrae- the components the sperm naturally encounters inside. He grew this to the 64 cell stage (blastocyst) when the egg normally attaches itself to the uterus.
In 1940, Dr. John Rock of Harvard University obtained ripe eggs from females and fertilization these in test tube. With his experiments, he had invaded one of " Mother Nature's most cherished rituals".
In 1950, Dr. Landrum B. Shettles, an American gynaecologist first conclusively demonstrated in vitro ("in glass") fertilization. He pierced the ovaries of his patients with a syringe and aspirated some of egg from the follicles. He placed this in a culture medium taken from the follicular fluid excised from tiny pieces of the tubal fimbrae (projections at the end of fallopian tube)
When the egg was ready for fertilization, he placed it in a person in another culture medium - the ovalation mucosa from the mid-cervical canal of a woman donor. Into this, he inserted yhe sperms, the tubal mucosa and the tubal fimbrae- the components the sperm naturally encounters inside. He grew this to the 64 cell stage (blastocyst) when the egg normally attaches itself to the uterus.
Labels:
General Psychology
Science and Psychology
Science, just when we can call any subject a science? A science is a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or thruths systematically arranged and showing the operation of general laws.
Psychology, is a science that gather facts systematically, organizes them into general principles and formulates theories out of these factual data.
In sciences as in Psychology, theories are formulated. When facts are gathered to explain mutation, we form biological theories whereas when we attempt to explain mutationas a causative factor of behavior, we formulate instead, a psychological theory.
In the scinces, as in psychology, these theories are constantly revised in the light of newly researched facts that may contradict earlier theories, a great deal of scientific and psychological endeavor is directed toward the acquisistion of new research data. Observable events called phenomena are collected through research. These are painstakingly and carefully measured by the psychologist with precise and accurately measuring devices which preludes guesswork.
Psychology, is a science that gather facts systematically, organizes them into general principles and formulates theories out of these factual data.
In sciences as in Psychology, theories are formulated. When facts are gathered to explain mutation, we form biological theories whereas when we attempt to explain mutationas a causative factor of behavior, we formulate instead, a psychological theory.
In the scinces, as in psychology, these theories are constantly revised in the light of newly researched facts that may contradict earlier theories, a great deal of scientific and psychological endeavor is directed toward the acquisistion of new research data. Observable events called phenomena are collected through research. These are painstakingly and carefully measured by the psychologist with precise and accurately measuring devices which preludes guesswork.
Labels:
General Psychology
Definition of Behavior
The second important element in the defination of psychology emphasizes "a study of behavior", Behavior as defined psychologically, refers to action or activities of the individual as matters of psychological study. The term actually covers more than it actually conveys. It may mean a lot of things.
While behavior most often refers to whats is outwardly or overtly manifested, as in the raising of one's hand, it may also mean those activities that are hidden or covert - those not visible to the naked eye. For instance, a clenched fist behind one's back is behavior not directly visible but behavior that is nevertheless within the realm of psychological investigation.
Behavior maybe concious or unconcious, acts may be within the level of one's awareness or deeply embedded in one's subconcious, that is, unconcious. We may fall in love and be very much aware of the feeling, of the pounding of our heart and the increase in our pulse rate. We may harbor an instense hatred toward someone we barely know and know not why we feel so.
The first is concious behavior, tha latter, unconcious, and both are subjects of investigation in psychology.
Some acts also maybe rational, voluntary and involuntary. Rational exercise with sanity or reason. When a person express his feeling of admiration for a person he admire, he is acting with a reason. He express his preference for someone or something he admires. Acts which are commited for no apparent reason or explanation - as when a man losses his sanity and laugh at nobody or nothing rational and irrational acts.
Voluntary, done with full volition or will. When a student enrolls for a course in psychology, he does it with the use of his will. H ediscriminate, chooses and decides.
Involuntary, processes within the body that go on even while we are sleep or awake are involuntary, these are like behavioral processes that fall under psychological study - like respiration, circulation, and digestion.
While behavior most often refers to whats is outwardly or overtly manifested, as in the raising of one's hand, it may also mean those activities that are hidden or covert - those not visible to the naked eye. For instance, a clenched fist behind one's back is behavior not directly visible but behavior that is nevertheless within the realm of psychological investigation.
Behavior maybe concious or unconcious, acts may be within the level of one's awareness or deeply embedded in one's subconcious, that is, unconcious. We may fall in love and be very much aware of the feeling, of the pounding of our heart and the increase in our pulse rate. We may harbor an instense hatred toward someone we barely know and know not why we feel so.
The first is concious behavior, tha latter, unconcious, and both are subjects of investigation in psychology.
Some acts also maybe rational, voluntary and involuntary. Rational exercise with sanity or reason. When a person express his feeling of admiration for a person he admire, he is acting with a reason. He express his preference for someone or something he admires. Acts which are commited for no apparent reason or explanation - as when a man losses his sanity and laugh at nobody or nothing rational and irrational acts.
Voluntary, done with full volition or will. When a student enrolls for a course in psychology, he does it with the use of his will. H ediscriminate, chooses and decides.
Involuntary, processes within the body that go on even while we are sleep or awake are involuntary, these are like behavioral processes that fall under psychological study - like respiration, circulation, and digestion.
Labels:
General Psychology
Psychology and its Branches
General Psychology: this field present the basic and fundamental principles of human behavior. It explains the HOW and WHY of a person's from scientific viewpoint.
Comparetive Psychology: this deal with the beahavior and mental processes of different species. It makes a comparative study of the behavior of the different animals of all degrees of complexity from protozoans to primates - and hence is sometimes called "Animals Psychology". Its aim is to discover in rhe pattern of behavior of subhuman organism, clues to enrich the knowledge of human behavior. Its overlap with the experimental and psychological study of behavior
Genetic or Developmental Psychology: this is a field of study regarding human development and the inheritance and development of traits and abilities. Growth is traced form the earliest beginning till old age. The important considerations are yhe different stages of bodily cevelopment, intelligence, abilities and general behavior.
Dynamic Psychology: (psychology of personality) mental phenomena are studied in terms of internals drives and motives as causes of behavior.
Physiological Psychology: this is a study relating bodily processes to behavior, It studies the function of the nervous system and other bodily structures in the behavior of organisms.
Abnormal Psychology: this deals with the behavioral disorders like physical handicaps, nervous disorder, speech impairments, mental aberrations, and others. The study covers alcoholism, drug addiction, crime and juvenile diliquency.
Comparetive Psychology: this deal with the beahavior and mental processes of different species. It makes a comparative study of the behavior of the different animals of all degrees of complexity from protozoans to primates - and hence is sometimes called "Animals Psychology". Its aim is to discover in rhe pattern of behavior of subhuman organism, clues to enrich the knowledge of human behavior. Its overlap with the experimental and psychological study of behavior
Genetic or Developmental Psychology: this is a field of study regarding human development and the inheritance and development of traits and abilities. Growth is traced form the earliest beginning till old age. The important considerations are yhe different stages of bodily cevelopment, intelligence, abilities and general behavior.
Dynamic Psychology: (psychology of personality) mental phenomena are studied in terms of internals drives and motives as causes of behavior.
Physiological Psychology: this is a study relating bodily processes to behavior, It studies the function of the nervous system and other bodily structures in the behavior of organisms.
Abnormal Psychology: this deals with the behavioral disorders like physical handicaps, nervous disorder, speech impairments, mental aberrations, and others. The study covers alcoholism, drug addiction, crime and juvenile diliquency.
Labels:
General Psychology
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